Construction Cost Estimating Methods

how to estimate construction costs

Preliminary cost estimation occurs before the construction phase of a project. The cost estimates provide a projection of how much the project will cost and determine the success of a project. In construction, project owners use different methods of estimation for other purposes. For example, one builder might use cost estimates to assess the cost of setting up a building, whereas another owner might use cost estimation for assessing operation costs after completion.

Construction estimation requires a lot of knowledge and skill, and firms dedicate many resources to proper estimation.

Inaccurate estimates might not be the root of all evil, but they can derail a project. When projects go over budget, they result in frustration, delays, missed timelines, terminated relationships, and loss of reputation for companies. According to Runn, 'budget and time limitations are the biggest cause of stress for project leaders, towering above the challenges of change management, meeting high expectations, and responsibility for helping other team members develop their skills.' Therefore, accurate preliminary cost estimation is crucial to avoid these issues and ensure project success.

Throughout the rest of this article, we’ll be running through the methods cost estimators use to create their estimates alongside some common problems.

What we cover:

Types of construction cost estimates

There are several key types of construction estimates to know:

1. Conceptual estimate

A conceptual estimate is an estimate prepared using engineering concepts and avoiding the counting of individual pieces. As the name implies, conceptual estimates are generally made in the early phases of a project, predesign, before construction drawings are completed.

2. Design estimate

A design estimate is created during the design phase of the project lifecycle. They first start with the order of magnitude to determine a project's feasibility and are based on the schematic design. After the preliminary estimate, a more detailed estimate is followed by the design team.

3. Budget bid

A budget bid is a rough estimate of the costs of construction, which is prepared without a lot of detailed information on the quality or type of materials. This enables clients to make early, broad-sweeping decisions about target outcomes.

4. Control estimates

A control estimate is created once the contract is fully signed between the owner/client and the contractor. This type of estimate plans for any upcoming costs.

Construction cost estimating methods

Project managers use different methods of cost estimating depending on a variety of factors. For example, some organizations may need the cost estimates to follow the company policies, while others may work with rough estimates and refine them as the project progresses. 

Below are the best cost estimating methods you can use.

Analogous estimating

In analogous estimating, the project manager calculates the costs based on the known costs of a similar project done in the past. This method depends on expert judgment and historical data. The limitation in analogous estimation is that no two projects are the same. Therefore, it is usually used in the early stages of project planning during preconstruction when there is very little information about the project.

Parametric estimating method

This method uses algorithms or statistical relationships of historical data to calculate the resources needed. The advantage of this method is that it is more accurate than analogous estimating and needs more data to assess costs.

Here, we know the average costs, error margins, and square footage of a project and can easily estimate costs within the budget.

Bottom-up estimating

This is also referred to as detailed estimating.

In this estimating method, the team and resources are estimated from the activity level. The estimates are then aggregated and develop estimates for work packages, control accounts, and project levels. This estimating method estimates a work component, and the detailed estimate is rolled out to higher levels for reporting and tracking. 

The accuracy of this estimating method depends on the size and complexity of activities.

Three-point estimate

Here the project manager identifies three cost estimates. An optimistic estimate where funds are spent efficiently, a pessimistic estimate is where funds are spent least efficiently. The third point is a balance between the two, which is the more likely scenario. 

Three-point estimating depends on weighted formulas and originates from program analysis. The costs calculated with an assumed distribution provide the expected costs and clarify the range of uncertainty.

Data analysis method

This technique is also known as alternative analysis. It identifies the options available in order and outlines them to execute the work. The data analysis method provides the best solutions to performing project activities within defined project constraints. 

The advantage of this method is that instead of overbudgeting, money is budgeted for dealing with unplanned costs. Therefore, statistically, planned costs increase.

Cost of quality estimating method

This estimating method is a methodology that determines the extent to which poor-quality resources affect the quality of work. Such information allows an organization to choose the potential savings on the project by implementing improvements.

Lang method

This is a slightly detailed estimation method based on the use of the equipment at the site. It is a factor that considers the total cost of a project to the cost of all the technical equipment.

Hand method

This method is an extension of the Lang method, but it uses different factors depending on the equipment type. The factors also exclude indirect costs, and these costs are calculated separately.

Equipment factored estimating

This estimate is calculated by considering the cost of the individual equipment and multiplying it by an “installation factor” to compute the total costs. This is a valuable method as a sizeable amount of project costs consists of equipment costs. In addition, the installation factor includes subcontracted costs, materials, and labor costs.

Cost estimate classifications

According to the American Society of Professional Estimators, estimates are classified according to a five-level system. 

The least accurate estimate is the level 5 estimate, while the most accurate is the level 1 estimate. 

Due to a precise and well-defined plan, standard practice enables us to get multiple estimates with increasing project definition (scope of the project). An estimator is always working on cost options with progressing design. 

When considering the five-level system, each level serves different purposes. Below are the classifications of the five-level cost estimation system.

Order of magnitude estimate

This estimate is performed just before kicking off the project’s design phase. Here the project definition stands between 0 to 2%, and the accuracy of the cost estimate lies within a 20-30% accuracy margin. 

This estimate has a fundamental work breakdown structure for quantities and materials. The owner uses this estimate to estimate a project’s suitability, whether it merits close evaluation, and whether there are better alternatives available. 

Its preparation is in the preconstruction stage because there is little to no information available for the project.

The techniques employed for these estimates are experience, judgment, charts, and historical values. This estimate is also known as a ballpark, rough cost estimate, guesstimate, or concession license estimate. 

It is mainly used for initial evaluation.

Intermediate/ construction feasibility estimate 

The intermediate estimate determines a project’s feasibility, evaluation, and preliminary budget approvals. In addition, it helps the project owner determine whether to proceed with the project or not. 

This estimate aids the owner in detailed strategic planning, budget approval, and technical feasibility. 

The project definition in this stage lies between 5 to 20%, and the accuracy margin of this estimate varies from 10 to 25%. 

People within the construction industry may also refer to this as a conceptual, screening, or schematic design estimate.

Preliminary construction estimate

This estimate is computed from an adequately defined project scope. 

It gives the owner a basis for choosing design features and configurations, and it’s the estimate presented to lenders for budget authorization and appropriation. They typically form the control estimate where monitoring of resources and costs is against the budget. 

The project definition ranges between 10 and 40% when computing this estimate, with an accuracy margin ranging between 10 and 15%. 

This estimate uses a coded work breakdown structure with quantity takeoffs.

Substantive construction estimation

This estimate is prepared from a detailed work baseline where the project is monitored against progress control and cost. There is a complete work breakdown and quantity takeoff at this stage. 

The estimated costs are then computed together with the profit margin and contingencies. 

The project definition is over 90%, and the accuracy also ranges between 5 and 10%. 

The labor and materials are well defined. Contractors use this estimate to establish contract value, bid projects, solicit and assess bids. This estimate is also known as a change order estimate or precise control.

Definitive construction estimate

This estimate is prepared using the agreed costs on the construction contract. 

It is no longer an estimate as the project team already knows the final costs. These estimates are the most accurate, with only up to 2% variance. The project definition is at 100%. 

This estimate is used as the control baseline for the project and evaluates bids, checks vendor negotiations, and claims evaluations.

Common cost estimation problems 

Generating quality estimates is not as easy as it appears. Analysts and estimators face many challenges when estimating costs, and you should keep the challenges mentioned below in mind when coming up with your next estimate.

Quantifying cost impacts

Design modifications may warrant reductions of a component in a project, but there is no way to quantify the cost implications to the overall project. Estimators also need to assess impacts from new and intangible products. Quantifying such costs can be subjective yet necessary before making decisions. One of the best ways to combat this problem is using cost estimation software.

Resource constraints

Cost estimates should be timely, but time constrains several aspects of estimation, such as data collection, validation, and consistency. 

Good data needs a lot of time to develop.

Many organizations involved

Cost estimation involves many organizations that estimators need to communicate to and coordinate resources with. This process is time-bound, and where there are time constraints, the quality of estimation suffers. In addition, after data collection, different organizations need to verify the data. This inherently creates a challenge in consistency as other organizations have different methods of data verification.

Tools for estimating construction costs 

So which technology and tools can you use to make estimating construction costs easier and more reliable? Take a look at the following estimating software options and features.

Cloud-based estimating tools 

Cloud-based cost-estimating software let you create more competitive bids in about half the time. For instance, solutions like Autodesk's ProEst offer a comprehensive cost database and automated workflows to streamline estimating and preconstruction tasks, all with the kind of accuracy and detail that results in more profitable jobs. 

Cloud-based takeoff tools 

Software like Autodesk Takeoff is another excellent cloud-based tool to help teams optimize their takeoff workflows. It can be used across 2D and 3D takeoffs, so teams can generate the quantities they need easily. Now you can generate figures faster from 3D models to save time and capture project scope with linear, count, and area takeoff in 2D, all in a single solution. Always stay on top of document version control to ensure all your estimators are working off the most up-to-date information. 

Cost management tools 

Cost management tools are particularly useful for costs once construction begins. However, they can help you improve cost control, gain real-time visibility of cost-related risks, and forecast accurately. They do this by centralizing all construction cost management activities in the cloud and within the context of the construction project. 

Frequently asked questions 

Cost estimation is one of the most critical steps in construction, and if done improperly, the repercussions are dire. There are several validation models when using cost estimation, and we will answer some of the frequently asked questions on cost estimating methods below.

How many types of estimation methods are there?

There are eight main cost estimation methods, but you will find at least 45 different cost estimation methods in all.

What is a class 5 estimate?

This is the estimate prepared for planning purposes, such as determining the initial viability of a project. It is also used for evaluating alternative schemes and project location studies.

What is a class D estimate?

This is the cost estimate that is prepared during the conceptual design stage of a project.

Which method is the best method to predict mixed cost?

The best method for estimating mixed costs is the bottom-up estimating method, as it evaluates individual project components before rolling them out into detailed analysis.

How accurate are construction cost estimates? 

The accuracy of a construction cost estimate depends on the quality of information available and the estimator's experience and expertise. For that reason, it’s critical to get everyone on the same page upfront and get all the details you can before attempting the estimate. 

What is the difference between an estimate and a bid? 

In a nutshell, an estimate is a prediction of the expected costs for a construction project, while a bid is a formal offer to complete the project for a specific price. 

How do project size and complexity interact? 

Neither size nor complexity is a complete answer in and of itself. Large buildings can prove simple if they’re low-complexity (hangars), while small buildings can be exceedingly finicky (medical clinics). That’s why understanding the project scope and design is critical. It’s important to approach size and complexity together to ensure good estimates. 

Does location matter? 

Yes, location matters greatly. Accessibility to the project site, local rules and regulations, and the cost of living in the area can all influence a construction budget significantly. Don’t forget to take them into account. 

What building codes and regulations do you need to know about? 

Not all cities and regions are alike. If a local regulation means you’ll need to change the way you normally approach a process, that can change costs by a healthy margin. Look into permitting rules, building codes, and so on before moving forward. 

Summary

With the best cost estimation method, you can keep all the stakeholders within the loop from project inception to construction project closeout. Reasonable cost estimates help you make informed decisions and land the best projects within budget. They also make it easy to capture, plan, manage and report the work more effectively. When there is clarity in estimation, the team can accomplish a lot more within a short time. Choose the best estimation method that suits your workflow.

Ready to start estimating better? Learn more about how to create accurate construction estimates with Autodesk Construction Cloud. 

Grace Ellis

As Manager of Content Marketing Strategy at Autodesk and Editor in Chief of the Digital Builder Blog, Grace has nearly 15 years of experience creating world-class content for technology firms. She has been working within the construction technology space for the last 6+ years and is passionate about empowering industry professionals with cutting-edge tools and leading strategies that improve the quality of their jobs and lives.
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Bidtellect
We use Bidtellect to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Bidtellect. Ads are based on both Bidtellect data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Bidtellect has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Bidtellect to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Bidtellect Privacy Policy
Bing
We use Bing to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Bing. Ads are based on both Bing data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Bing has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Bing to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Bing Privacy Policy
G2Crowd
We use G2Crowd to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by G2Crowd. Ads are based on both G2Crowd data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that G2Crowd has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to G2Crowd to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. G2Crowd Privacy Policy
NMPI Display
We use NMPI Display to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by NMPI Display. Ads are based on both NMPI Display data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that NMPI Display has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to NMPI Display to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. NMPI Display Privacy Policy
VK
We use VK to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by VK. Ads are based on both VK data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that VK has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to VK to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. VK Privacy Policy
Adobe Target
We use Adobe Target to test new features on our sites and customize your experience of these features. To do this, we collect behavioral data while you’re on our sites. This data may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, your IP address or device ID, your Autodesk ID, and others. You may experience a different version of our sites based on feature testing, or view personalized content based on your visitor attributes. Adobe Target Privacy Policy
Google Analytics (Advertising)
We use Google Analytics (Advertising) to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Google Analytics (Advertising). Ads are based on both Google Analytics (Advertising) data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Google Analytics (Advertising) has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Google Analytics (Advertising) to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Google Analytics (Advertising) Privacy Policy
Trendkite
We use Trendkite to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Trendkite. Ads are based on both Trendkite data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Trendkite has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Trendkite to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Trendkite Privacy Policy
Hotjar
We use Hotjar to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Hotjar. Ads are based on both Hotjar data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Hotjar has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Hotjar to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Hotjar Privacy Policy
6 Sense
We use 6 Sense to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by 6 Sense. Ads are based on both 6 Sense data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that 6 Sense has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to 6 Sense to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. 6 Sense Privacy Policy
Terminus
We use Terminus to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Terminus. Ads are based on both Terminus data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Terminus has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Terminus to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Terminus Privacy Policy
StackAdapt
We use StackAdapt to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by StackAdapt. Ads are based on both StackAdapt data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that StackAdapt has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to StackAdapt to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. StackAdapt Privacy Policy
The Trade Desk
We use The Trade Desk to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by The Trade Desk. Ads are based on both The Trade Desk data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that The Trade Desk has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to The Trade Desk to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. The Trade Desk Privacy Policy
RollWorks
We use RollWorks to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by RollWorks. Ads are based on both RollWorks data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that RollWorks has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to RollWorks to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. RollWorks Privacy Policy

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