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On-Demand, High-Rate Additive Manufacturing for Ship/Maritime Repair

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Description

As additive manufacturing (AM) gains greater industrial exposure, there's a drive toward defining practical, high-value processes and products. Defining viable business cases is critical to ensure successful technology adoption. Focusing on the marine industry and using a "propeller" as a familiar marine object for a case study, we'll explore 4 different design/manufacturing iterations aimed at highlighting the opportunities that AM offers. By fabricating these 4 components with wire and arc additive, a considerable portion of the process chain will be revealed from both hardware and software perspectives. We'll be exploring the designs and investigating design features facilitated by AM; looking at preparing these components for manufacture; seeing how these components are built considering the distortion and stress, geometric fidelity, and thermal management; and, finally, looking at post-processing techniques to bring these components to final form.

Key Learnings

  • Understand the 4 main metal high-rate additive manufacturing techniques
  • Understand routes for design exploration for both rapid prototyping and rapid production
  • Understand opportunities for high-rate additive applications
  • Understand manufacturing steps and considerations involved in the production of AM parts

Speakers

  • Wei Ya
    Wei Ya received his MSc. Degree in Materials Science and Engineering from the Technical university of Delft and finished hisPh.D. study at UTwente. His research interest is on additive manufacutring and laser materials advanced processing such as (1) materials deposition, alloying and modelling, (2) engineering design, fabrication and prototyping and (3) laser-assisted manufacturing, (4) WAAM process. He is currently working at RAMLAB. incoperation with TUdelft and UTwente.
  • Kelvin Hamilton
    Kelvin Hamilton is a Technical Consultant within the Collaborative Research & Innovation Projects team. Based in The Hague (Netherlands), he received his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees from Queen’s University in Canada where he studied Mechanical and Materials Engineering with particular interests in manufacturing, metal forming and material deformation. Currently at Autodesk, he is engaged primarily on various collaborative research and innovation projects around the industrialisation of additive manufacturing (AM). Projects range from powder bed AM of precious and other industrial metals to large scale directed energy AM of aerospace components.
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Transcript

KEVIN HAMILTON: My name is Kevin Hamilton. I'm a technical consultant at Autodesk. And I want to speak to you a little bit with a colleague of ours from-- his name is Wei Ya. He's from RAMLAB-- about on-demand spare parts repair for marine industry. The class is supposed to be easy. I don't know what easy is, because that could be anything from advanced materials to something like CNC, for instance.

So we're going to cover lots. But if it's a bit too much, let me know. You can always ask your questions afterwards. We're going to go a little bit slowly, hopefully, to get you guys through it. It's a collection of different things from the last year. Some of it is super new. You might be the first ones to actually see it, which is always a good thing. So-- yeah, let's get started.

So we're going to go through five main topics. The first is an introduction to additive manufacturing DED, which is Directed Energy Deposition. We'll look at different techniques in in that process, and how we work with them. We're going to look at digital workflow-- actually going from CAD to a finished part, and then see how that workflow can be achieved. We're going to focus a little bit on one special DED process called WAAM, and then, from there, we're going to look at some of the material science. That part is a little bit advanced, and for sure, it will be. Even for me, it is. But we'll go as slowly as we can for you. And then we're going to look a little bit at one case study, which should be a first for most of you guys. OK? We have an hour. So we're going to finish roughly around 45 minutes, and we'll have some time for questions.

So what is additive manufacturing and AM 3D printing? Or DED is one type of additive manufacturing-- it's Directed Energy Deposition. OK? You would have no doubt seen something about 3D printing in the last several years. A lot of noise on 3D printing-- mostly consumer goods. Things you can buy-- like, you know, shavers, limbs, these metal components. So they've been around. But actually, through all the noise, there's maybe one process you would have never heard of. At least, I hope you haven't. And if you haven't, hopefully, today you can at least learn about it, and then it'll become a household additive process.

So there are seven additive manufacturing classes, or family. Most of them, you probably are familiar with. There's SLA, which is your lights lithography. There's FDM, which is more deposited in toothpaste, I guess. Put it that way, You've got SLS, which is your plastic powder bed, and you got SLM, which is the metal powder bed. The one which you probably would have never seen is that last one, there-- DED. It's an odd one. But I'll tell you what it is as we go through. It does have a few characteristics. It's mostly for metal. It using a high energy power source to melt some kind of metal. Generally speaking, it's large scale, and I'll show you what "large scale" actually means.

We've got maybe a little bit of a debate between the powder bed guys, who you're probably familiar with, and DED-- who's better? That's always been a bit of a fight. It's usually high rate, meaning you are depositing a lot of material at a time compared to other processes. OK? It's usually on a robotic system or gantry, whatever the platform happens to be. So the size is not really limited. It just depends how big your machine happens to be. Where, say, for instance, powder bed, you're limited to a particular volume of the machine size. OK? And we are always making near net shapes, so it's never finished component. It's usually something has to be done to it afterwards. It's usually used for repair, or new parts production. And if I were to bet on something, repair is the future. Just you watch. It's going to happen. OK?

So there are four types of DED. The reason why they're different is the energy source is different. The first is electron beam with wires. So you've got your power sources is an electron beam. And usually it's in the vacuum environments, otherwise you wouldn't be able to form the electron beam. You fire electron beam through, and it melts some wire. You can see the video, there, in the bottom-- bottom left, for you. OK? This one, there are only going to be one or two companies that are actually doing this, because it's very specialized. It's very, very difficult. Probably the biggest and the fastest additive process is this one. So if you look at deposition rates, this is the fastest one, by far. It's usually doing about 20 pounds an hour at its top end-- which, you could argue if that's good or bad. But it's pretty fast compared to other processes. OK?

We've got a second one called arc welding and wire. This is probably the most common one that most of you would be familiar with, although we give it different names. It's just MIG welding. But, because we like to be fancy, it's called Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing-- WAAM. Wire and electric arc. OK? So that one is used to just weld and build bigger parts.

And we've got laser and wire. This is probably, of the DED classes, the slowest one. So the laser, itself, is usually five kilowatts. If you're doing anything with this sort of slow power lasers melting wire. Generally speaking, when you finish, the surface looks better than anything else than you can actually produce with DED. So it's quite an interesting process. You can get really, really close to net shape components with this process. But it's slow. OK? You can see it there, on the bottom.

And the last one is probably one of my favorites, only because it's been around for probably the longest, that we are mostly familiar with-- it's powder with laser. So effectively, you funnel powder through a nozzle, and you melt it with laser. Sounds very simple. But it's annoying, let's say. Because, you know, gravity can be a pain. Your powder tends to be a bit of a pain. Generally speaking, you've got the machines-- this can usually go on a milling machine, for instance. Your typical CNC platforms or robotic platforms. OK?

Speed OK, so far? Cool. Let's do it.

So what do I mean by "large scale?" So that box is a 250 by 250 by 250 millimeter volume. That's the size of what you typically get in the most general powder bed systems. That's typical. That next box, which we'll see, is the biggest possible powder bed today. It's about a meter, or so. But that is a three meter by three meter box, or a six meter by three meter by two meter box. That's sort of the size that you get with big systems-- so big robotic systems, big gadget systems. So when I say, "large scale," it's that little box, there. That's what people talk with additive. But that's tiny. It's silly. It's too funny, in fact. But you can fit a car in these platforms, they're so big. Of course, being so big, you have other issues that come with it. But let's ignore that for a second. OK?

There are a few systems that are available. Some of them are commercial, some of them are not. And there's a few sort of handmade, bolted together platforms. So on top, there is a platform from Cincinnati-- the [INAUDIBLE]. It's usually been used for plastics, but you could use it for metal, I'm sure, in the future.

We've got this robotic-- so the one in the middle is from Sciaky. It's the electron beam system. It's a three by three by three block. It's in a vacuum, making lighter titanium components, usually, or usually reactive materials. And you've got a robotic system from [INAUDIBLE] or Panasonic, and this is just a normal welding robot on a track. So it's quite basic. It's off the shelf components, mostly. We're going to talk about this one a lot, today.

On the bottom left, we've got a powder laser process. It's probably the biggest platform that I'm aware of. Making the components-- that thing that you can see in there is about 2 meters. That one-- which is quite big. It's about-- I think about 400 hours to build that component. And of course, we've got just normal welding kits we can just buy and use for welding. You stick a torch on the end of it, and you're done. Easy. OK?

What can you build with DED? So there's a few things we can actually build. Some of them are small, or big. It depends. You can sort of see what is possible. You can see the quality of what's been produced, and how it ranges from different components. So this is a part that we produced, one of our first parts that we produced a few years ago. It's part of the landing gear rib. So it's a very critical component, a very structural component. A class one component. So a structural fail safe component. And we've been testing different methods of depositing it, and of course, using CNC machining to see how we can actually finish it.

So obviously, this is a pretty off part. All right? We've got extra material, there, which we don't need. We have to remove it, somehow. When you do the CNC, it's back to your finished component. So in the end, that shape, again-- your final part is achieved by milling. Excuse me.

OK. We've got-- this is a titanium component. It's an engine mount pylon. So it's a very critical component, which we built maybe a year and a half, two years ago. This is probably one of my favorite parts, because of how difficult it was to produce this a couple years ago. I think now, it's a bit easier. We can try it. But it's been fun. This has been pushed by aerospace because it is a very-- titanium is expensive. And when you buy a big block of this, you throw away 90% of it. It's just wasted. So this way, you buy a small plate, you weld what you need to weld, and then you machine-- back-- done. The business case is very, very strong for these sort of components. OK?

We have a few examples from different people in industry who are doing this. We've got Norsk Titanium and Cranfield University, who are also building aerospace parts. Typically just ribs. Because they're going to be easy, but most airplanes are made of these components. So it's pretty common. And they lend themselves very, very well to DED. So it's actually pretty perfect.

We've got a big part from Sciaky. This is the one that's the vacuum machine. So they're building again large components. As I mentioned, it's the fastest, but it's also the roughest. So you can sort of see the surface finish is not so great. That-- your bead size is about 8 millimeters, 10 millimeters bead size. So your smallest feature you can ever make is, let's say, six millimeter, seven millimeter, in that volume. OK? So you have to remove a bit of excess. OK?

So that's sort of a bit of background on DED, and different platforms that are available. And it's always good to ask why do you do any of this stuff in the first place? OK? For me, the question of using AM is never for AM. No one wants to just do additive manufacturing. No one wants to just build stuff. It's usually for components, for an end reason. And we often forget that piece, actually. It's funny how often we forget that piece.

So there's a few things I want to just share with you of why additive manufacturing is a thing that you would use, and the sort of reasons that's behind why you would use it. I thought we can do the four rough lifecycle of a part, so from design, production, use, and end use. And then we can see what's in those four. OK? I've chosen four examples at random. These two we built ourselves, and that one is from MX3D in Amsterdam. And that's Vulcan parts from GKN. OK?

So on the design side, this one is a bit easy to understand, I think, because we can make components that you could not manufacture in any other way. So you almost have to say additive. But that's too easy. It's too easy. Why else would you use additive manufacturing? A lot of ways to reduce your part count, for instance. Complexity-- you can reduce complexity. You can have high quality. You can tell your manufacturing as you need to. You only deposit what you need to deposit. Not excess.

You can of course, customize a lot. So it's not just-- you could actually do the mass customization could be possible with this. There are some limits, of course. But it could be possible. So this bridge has been designed, and is going to be built. You've probably never seen a bridge like this before. Because otherwise, it would be a pain to make. Why would you even make it to begin with? But still, that we can actually do it. This is about a half finished now.

On the production side, why would you ever think about additive manufacturing on the production side? There's a few reasons. And most of it has to do with logistics. That word is difficult for me to say. So typically, you've got small lead times. You can actually produce large parts in a short amount of time, because you don't have to wait for billets or large castings or large forges. So you can make a big part in a week or two, without having to wait a half a year for forging, for instance. OK? That's really the big reason for doing it.

You can make small batch parts. I can make one part, or 10. I wouldn't want to make 100 or 1,000, because there's some limits as to how fast the process can be. And if you're going to make 1,000, probably your best not to use AM. Because it's never going to be cheap. It's not going to be as good as you can make it with casting. In some cases, depending on what you're making, the material is actually better than casting. So it depends on what your application happens to be. OK?

So the idea is that you can actually have a smaller footprint for production. You can do a lot of stuff in a small platform, low energy use, let's say, compared to, say, a big foundry, for instance. But there are some debates about what's possible. So my colleague [INAUDIBLE] can tell you a lot about casting-- which I'm also a big fan of, by the way. So you have to tell us what you are going to use additive for basic application. OK?

So this is an example of a ship hull. It's a small piece that goes in the bow of the ship. This is a difficult part to actually produce. It's a lot of-- it's a time consuming process to actually make. Because you have some guy who is trying to reach eight meters into the ship, and try to weld that thing. It's almost impossible. And they spend so much time doing that. And we were able to produce this in a couple of days. Actually, two at a time, because it's easier to produce two than to produce one. So in that case, like, why wouldn't you do it? So it just made so much sense. OK?

And then, the last on the use side-- this is apart from GKN, where they effectively just used a laser wire process to deposit these structural ribs. Imagine if you're going to mill that, or if you're going to fabricate that somehow, by welding different components together. This is a massive part. It's about 50 kilos of deposition, which is pretty huge for this process. And they're able to reduce mass of the entire thing, compared to what they could do before. The lifetime of the components could be improved depending on how you are working with the process, and how far you're thinking ahead, which is also possible. And ultimately, we have a lot less environmental impact. That's the idea. It's about sort of what we think, we believe. It's yet to be proven, because we have not really studied how much energy we're using. But if you compare to, say, casting for a one-off, or 10 components, it's a massive base you need to be able to do that kind of parts. Unless it's a bit less frequent.

And the last one is on spare parts. This is the reason why we're actually here, today, because this is an area where we're focusing a lot of energy. Because the business case for reducing your spare part count is enormous. We typically spend a lot of money keeping parts, not using them. About 30% of all spare parts never get ever used or seen, which is kind of a waste. And you have a space for keeping these. So this is a process which can actually help you minimize your warehousing costs and your spare part count. So this is a really important topic.

This is a propeller we built. It's hollow. And you'd need to design to replace some other propeller that could be damaged. You can do this in a few days, for instance. OK?

So I'm going to go quickly through the workflow of this from CAD to finished part. I'm going to go fast on this one, because it's a lot of material. So if you have any questions, make some notes, and ask me afterwards. OK? So the workflow is typically six big steps. So you got, at the top, your part you want to have in your hand after it's all finished. We always have to make a part beforehand, we're actually going to build-- your preform. That's an important topic. How do you want to build the parts? Do you build all of it? Do you build layer by layer? That kind of stuff. Your physical machine-- when does your power source go on and off? When does the material move and not move? Your tool paths-- how does the machine actually physically move? Your sequencing-- what do you do first? Do you go left to right, or right to left, for instance? And, of course, you have verification of the whole process chain. OK?

So the first one is the same workflow, again, just in pictures. So I start with my actual part that I want to have in my hand, ultimately. I do my preform, which is slightly bigger than what I want to actually produce. I put it on the machine. I have a physical setup. I have to think about how the machine actually behaves. I've got my tool paths, which I'll make. I have to embed some-- this should work. Yeah. I have to embed some knowledge about the process on the tool path to be able to produce them. So things like welding parameter, occurrence, laser power, for instance. Your material flow. And ultimately, you have to then produce that, somehow. So either build a few layers, machine, cool, heat-- whatever you have to do. That's your sequencing, there. And of course, then simulate the whole thing to see how your part will behave, and other material will also behave.

Why do we do this? The process is a bit rough. So this is some of the worse things I could find from our own shop. So this is things that we've personally produced. And I like them because they tell the story which you never see. People always show you the thing that's the final part. The finished product. It's always beautiful. But it's these shitty actually-- that's supposed to be a vase. It's supposed to be nice. But look at it. It's so rough. It's terrible. So why do we get this, and how do we fix it?

So that's the reason why we need to think about the final part. Of course. But also, what you want to produce, first of all. What you want to build. That is a 10 centimeter deflection of the part. So imagine you're making a part, and it just sort of bends that much. It's crazy. It's possible. There's so much heat and stress, that happens. So we have to think of all this stuff when we program the parts-- when we actually go and build them. And some of the issues that you can sort of see is your welds are too far apart. They don't even bond. Which can happen. It's kind of a pain. And you've got cracking, you've got distortion, of course. Those are possible.

So typically, your part comes from a drawing. You have a drawing which says what tolerance it needs to meet, what specification the part must be able to achieve. We can never build that thing. It's got holes everywhere. We cannot build holes. It's just not possible. So we have to do something else, beforehand. So we start with our final part, and we work backwards. We sort of simplify and decompose that piece to something we can actually make. So we remove all the holes, remove all the fine features, which we'll put in afterwards. We'll say, for instance, milling. We add in a base plate, because we have to build onto something. We cannot build in open air. It's impossible-- for now.

We might simplify. For instance, we might move and say, actually, I don't want to build those sharp corners. You can never see a sharp corner. It might be also a stress point. So let's simplify-- with some fillets, for instance. OK? So that's-- it's a lot of work to do this. An experience. But we're used to doing it for casting. So for instance, you never cast final form. You always have a casting model that you actually build. But you never see this, because the foundry will do it for you. But in AM, all of a sudden, you have to do it. So it's a whole different field, a whole different ballgame of what you need to know to be able to produce these sort of components. OK?

And I'll just list a few steps. This, you can take a photo of you can have afterwards-- sort of a different step-by-step that we normally go through to produce the final preform. So we start with the actual part we want to have in the end. We remove some features-- some geometries which we cannot actually build. We think about actually where do you put the base plate? But, as I said, no one really can tell you what's optimal. But we have experience, of course.

You might want to add some stock. Maybe you're going to do some [INAUDIBLE] afterwards, for instance. You have to oversize some features. And then you do some additional geometries for things like distortion, or cracking, for example. And now, you have a model, which is this-- which is idealized. But obviously, when you're finished, you have that thing. That's different from that thing. It is. So how do we make this go close to this? In my mind, I normally make a model that's halfway in between. It's never perfect. But the closer we can make this to the real thing, the better your idea will be. And we can get some tools, like simulation tools, to help us define how that should look. Because obviously, it's difficult to imagine this.

You're building-- how do you build? Do you build left to right? Right to left? How do stresses occur? How do we deal with heat? All the stuff we are trying to figure out. No one knows what the answer is. We usually use simulation to help us understand this. So for now, there's a lot of things which we do manually to help you define how your parts is to be built.

The process. I've shown here three of the processes. These are events. So your laser goes on, it goes off. That's an event. Your gas goes on, it goes off. So when does those things happen? That's a very specific timing. So if you have CNC background, you're milling. You put your spindle on at the start, and it stays on. You're done. Wherever it comes on, it doesn't matter, as long as it stays on before you start to cut. Whereas this, when you are cutting, your laser must be on, your gas must be on. So those timings are really, really critical.

And of course, your tool paths. Tool paths is what people usually go to first. But it's my sort of-- I push it a little far, because it's too easy, let's say. It's too obvious. So of course, the different tool paths are possible based on your feature you want to make. So 2.5D, sort of prismatic things, your features on a rotary shaft or on a arbitrary surface. And they are tools for this, which we've been able to produce in the last several months, to help people build this part.

This is my favorite slide. It's awkward, I know. So let's say I have a meter long tool path. I could cut it. I could wear it. I could glue it. I could sand it. How do we tell the process what I'm doing in that line? How do we embed knowledge on the tool path, for instance? This is what this slide shows. So for every point, we can describe what the processes is. What my power, what my speed should be, to help you control the process very, very finely. Otherwise, this is just a path you can use to cut, for instance. It's possible. OK?

So you've got very detailed control. And the question, of course, now, is, how do I know when to change something? This is a question that no one really has an answer to yet, but we're trying to find this out, as well. Sequencing-- so this is the example which I like to use, because it's easy to show propellers being built. It's difficult to build them, but nice to show. So if I'm going to build a propeller, I'm never going to build that one blade fully. I might build a layer of it, go to the next blade, next blade, next blade. So that's the sequencing which you're going to see there. So I'll start with my first layer, deposit it. Now, I might want to wait to cool it. I might want to do some active cooling or active heating, depending on how your process is developing. OK?

This is a really critical step, which we can also get some tools to help you do. And of course, you can do some simulation of the machine moving, to see how the machine is going to move. If you have any collisions, that symptom of it beforehand. If I'm milling, I can see the simulation of how the material is being removed. And if I'm doing additive, I can then see how material is also being added. It's a bit slow, but it should come up in second. There you go. And obviously, I want to be able to verify that with my machine tool. So if it's a robot or milling machine, we can then verify what we've produced, and make sure actually it's good enough to be to be built. OK? So for us, we don't really care if it's a milling machine or robot. It's the same thing, really, for us.

So I want to introduce PowerMill additive. You're probably the first group out of the company to see this live, let's say. There's a software-- we have a software called PowerMill, which is a platform for machine control, for milling, for polishing, for grinding, whatever. And we use it also for additive. So far large scale additive, this is how it looks. Not very exciting. But we've got some tools that can help you define your part you want to produce, your tool paths, edit them, simulate them, visualize them, and then go to the machine. So if you're curious about this, if you're doing any work with DED, come find us. We can assess this process. OK?

So did the survey, maybe about a year ago, about what kind of parts we want to be able to produce. This is only for information. We said, OK, what are people wanting to produce? So if you see additive parts, you have some nice, fancy, difficult parts that are not really functional. Which is pretty much these things, over here, that everyone wants to produce. But why do you want to produce them? What's the use? Is there any value to them? And so we said, actually, we're going to only help you do these first five, because it's common to do those. And it's the ones that are usually difficult, that you're going to be using a lot more often. So that's what the tools are.

And I think I'm going to shut up now, for a little while, and let my colleague Mr. Wei Ya jump in and tell you a bit more about what WAAM, specifically, and how we've been using it to be able to produce, in this case, a modern propeller. OK? Thank you. I'll come back for questions afterwards.

WEI YA: OK. Thank you for the introductions. I am Wei Ya from China. I work in Holland. I studied welding and material science in the past 11 years. So actually, we use the technology available to do innovative stuff. So a very typical welding set up-- the additive manufacturing with the WAAM arc. You can use the MIG or TIG-- both can be done. And then you have a typical robot that you drive and define tool paths, you additive tool on the top. And you have your material supply as a [INAUDIBLE], normally 200 to 250 kilos behind. And you have a CNC control for the robot, and then you have your shielding gas. Normally it's the helium or argon. Then you put it in a option. OK. Let's go down one.

So what's so special about our equipment we use over there is that we have a cold metal transform, which is similar to the furnace concept, but we can have a better control in feeding of your wires, how to control it. And the interactive process, you can have different angles, which is not be able to control with the normal welding systems.

So in traditional welding, you make a deposition, and you have base plates help you take out your heat. You can constrain your base plates so you can constrain the deformation. And then you, on the surface, let's say a 2D case, you would have like a surface coating, you can study them, which I did my PhD study on it. And then you can really simulate how the heat is flowing, how the geometry build up. You can do the simulation. There's three group in the world working on this at this moment. Then you have to understand how the materials will respond to your process. It doesn't matter if you use the laser or electron beam, or the arc-- the important is to understand how the heat reactions, and that you are able to manage stress build up.

So the additive manufacturing concept is somebody give you a part, ask you to build it, but there's no basis for that. You probably have the base plates to take out of the heat. But what happens after you build it up? So during the process, you need to define how many layers that you want to build up. Because it's very critical if you build up too big or too small, will your machine able to reach the bonding between them. If the bonding is weak, it doesn't make sense to build them. Then, after that, you have to define how you want to weld the pattern-- that's the tool path. Because when you do the rotation, or you don't do rotation, in the materials and the stress and the temperature that will have different impact.

Afterwards, you have to really put into the digital format with each slice layer, and make a deposition. And then you will have a near net shape, and you need to do the final post-processing to get your final component. So all the concept-- all the series that we learn in school-- ideally, you can achieve anything. But in reality, they are all difficulties. So that's why the RAMLAB was funded in Holland, in the Netherlands-- to look into these areas. And for us, we have focused on marine industry, for the starter. And there you can see the propeller, under the ship-- it's symbolic for the marine industry. That's the focus of last year's work.

So for propellers, they can have a different shape, different design based on the size of the ship and based on the purpose of your ship. For us, when we started, it's a journey that let's say we want look into what additive manufacturing can bring to this component-- what can we use for it. So we tried different designs in the process. So this one is an example for the first blades that we deposited with a hollow propeller. In 1985, people already study it, but the hollow structures are normally difficult to cast. They can break, because there's sharp corners. So we test it on a 2D form. And we use the single bead pass to make all the connections. Then we realize that, yes, we can make a hollow propeller.

Then we say, this is very simple. It's a 2.5D cases. We need a little bit more challenge. So we have the next design, let's say we've put a little bit crazy, when you need to use different access. Put more blades on. Let's see how the materials respond, how the heat goes. So we built also half into size propeller. And as you can see, we use a different strategy from left to right, from the base to your shaft, and the way that you build up during the process to control. I think this was done with a furnace setup of Autodesk in the UK.

And once you are able to control your bead shape, you can generate really nice features. And then we finish the challenge of the hollow propeller. And we took a next step. OK. For current marine industry, they're not happy with that if you put a hollow propeller. Everything-- standards, certifications, everything has to be checked. So they want you to go a step back, a little bit. To start from a solid propeller. So we are thinking about, OK, then we make a propeller that's close to the current state of the word. Make it a solid.

So we use the long bead design. I think it's the four bead parallel with each other, with different rotations. And it's about one meter size of the propeller. Then after that, we deposited it. It takes me, I think, three weeks to make this. Each blade has 20 kilos. And during the deposition, we find out there are some distortions. And you have to compensate during the building how to manage this materials flow. And when you want to build a solid piece, which parts you need to take more care of.

And then we come to see, OK, now we want to do near net shape. We don't want to put so many materials over there, but we want to put as less as possible, and make it better. So we set our journey for another exploration of the new design. And then we made a very, very tiny propeller. This is-- I think the diameter is 0.3 three meter. What's the difference from this and from that is the large one, it's very easy when you have a big curvature surface, you deposit your materials. Then you can consider the curvature as flat. But this one, because the diameter of the shaft is only 50 millimeter, the curvature is very sharp. Interiors, the previous welding parameter that we have, it does not work on this. So we have to make a few tries and find out why and how to do it.

Why this is very important? This is very small scale, but we want to do a huge propeller. So next step, everything in the real life for the big propeller we make, we follow this strategy. So these are just for design explanation. We can have more features, like, if you want to composite the flow dynamic, make the propeller more efficient, you need to design based on the physics of the fluid dynamic. Then you will add the features on top. This cannot be realized by casting-- the traditional way of making propellers.

And with that, we can explore how fast you can do it-- the prototyping, that lead time-- all kinds of new studies can be added in that regions. So to summarize the before designs, there's a sequence of how you preform your parts that you want to add on the top, and then you have to simulate to see your parts, and then drive with your machine everything's working, if it's properly or not. And during the depositions, if you have able to extract the heat information, late one can use for simulation, how the heat distribute. Then, in future, you can use the model just to predict if there's going to be deformation, or not, where you need to manage your welding parameter differently. Afterwards, you can do a milling to check the surface qualities. And always near net shape for this resolution of technique.

For this one, it's about half a millimeter-- less than half a millimeter you can achieve. About 400 micron. For a normal pulse bed laser, it depends on the particle size. You can go between 20 micron to 100 micron. Even better one, SLM. It's because they have a refined particle, so they can reach about 20 micron.

So the post-processing can do either manually or use the CNC milling. And for marine industry, the guy who's doing manual grinding are really expert. You will see later on. So for the materials aspect, when we set out to study the propeller, the next question is, what materials do you use for the propeller? You can have aluminum, stainless steel, but the common one is a nickel aluminum bronze. Why we use it? They are stronger than the steel, but lighter, because you have aluminum inside. If you take just copper, it's heavier than iron. And then super corrosion resistance. So this is the actual part that really attract people. So you have the propeller with a couple meters. You can use these materials for piping-- valve. And that is for submarine propellers.

So for this, the cast materials. Normally, you have the alpha phase as the matrix, then you have the precipitates of this. Isn't that the beta phase. Compared to the alpha phase, is brittle. And these intermetallics-- some helps to strengthen your materials, some weak your materials. So you would like prefer some of copper-3 type of the precipitate. But in general, they are all intermetallics. And the intermetallics, especially the iron and aluminum, they are not the preferable in your materials. So they can appear in a different shape, as you can see. Go through the slide.

Then, in a traditional cast materials, you will see a lot of this intermetallic. When you're put in a sea environment, they become a selected corrosion location, which you don't want. But after you process with WAAM, these intermetallic, you can suppress them. But we still want to keep the strength. Then you play with your cooling rate, get to refine the grid structure. Then you will still have the strength, and avoid the corrosion resistance reductions.

So for propeller, where it is important is the connection between the hub and the blade. To simulate the mechanical property of this materials, because of why we need to check the mechanical properties is the traditional way of making propellers, how they test the strength of the propellers is with a separate batch of materials cast in a small case, and make the tensile impact test, and then get the value. Which is not symbolic to the micro structure inside of the propeller. For us, for the first time to do it, we work with a certification agency. So we propose that we make the component, which can simulate the heat micro structure happen in the materials. That's why we design these two type of testing. It's the T shape and bonding test. And later on, actually, the bonding test sample, we don't even need to consider it, because we built the hub, also.

So that's another story. So you can see, we used about two kilo per hours of deposition rate. We made the T-shap and bonding strength samples. And then we machine the sample out of these materials. So then we perform the actual ISO standard tensile test. And then you can see, with the tensile strength, materials start to have plastic deformation. Here we have the necking, and then eventually break. Then you get the results of your strength.

So if you plot it, you will see if the materials stay in this region, you will coming back to the elastic region. So everything safe, and it will go through different shear dislocation movement stages. Up until the ultimate tensile strength, and then you know how much elongation you will have. So what we find out is compared to the cost of the materials, we have a superior materials property. For the yield strength and tensile strength, we are more or less above the level-- I think 50 pascals. But what you saw, the impact is about four times higher. What does that mean? It's because the propeller, in the water, normally they are damaged by the impact. And you need the high ductilities to absorb the impact. When you warm materials has a high ductility, you absorb more impact. And the propeller will be safe after impact as long as it's not past the breaking point.

So as my colleague Kevin already said, to be able to finish the whole digital manufacturing process, you have to get your original design put in 3D models, and then you define how you want to build this propeller. You have to check how you want to deposit the sequence, the tool paths. Eventually put in a simulation, to see if everything's working properly. So after the deposition, we work with the accompanying [INAUDIBLE] for scanning to see if we have any huge deformations from a similar point of view. So we did a 3D scan at a different stage to check if propeller keep the shape. So it turns out that it's not that bad. It's about-- according to my estimation before, it will have about 8% of deformations. But because we have to stop in between-- two times I'll finish the propeller. So we have roughly about 15% of deformation. I think it can be managed to be less than that.

So, as you can see, we-- yeah. As a team, we used banana as a scale to see how big the things you can make. Yeah. So it's about 1.4 meter in diameter of this propeller. And then we have weight about 400 kilo. For this one, because we are first time to build it, so it's a little bit over designed. Russian in design. The new one is about half of the weight. And this one takes about 300 hours to make. The other is only 156 hours, with some posting time-- so I would just say 180 hours.

So here's the video. We made the propeller. This is a shiny one-- second one. Meet the industry test, and we are working with the certification agency to see how to certify this piece. Next stage, we are already mounting on the ship, and next Monday I will be on a ship and sailing to do the real life test. I hope everything's fine for this. So thank you for listening. This is the first one made what 3D printed propeller. So excited so far, so so. You can ask for stuff or ask questions for materials and the process. Thank you.

[APPLAUSE]

KEVIN HAMILTON: That was good timing. We've got 20 minutes-- or 18 minutes. Sorry.

WEI YA: 18 minutes.

KEVIN HAMILTON: If you have any questions, we can answer them. Otherwise, you have 18 minutes of break. Any questions?

AUDIENCE: Very good presentation.

KEVIN HAMILTON: Yeah? Cool.

WEI YA: Thank you.

KEVIN HAMILTON: [INAUDIBLE] to make that. [LAUGHS] Thank you. Yeah.

WEI YA: Yeah?

AUDIENCE: Is there any heat treatment processes after [INAUDIBLE]?

WEI YA: OK. Very nice question. As the certification agencies, they want you have a post-heat treatment. We also check the-- it's the [INAUDIBLE] agencies, from France. So there's two purpose you do post-heat treatment. One is for stress release. Another is to get the materials property correct. So each time when you do a deposition, you already-- the previous layer is already being heat treated by the [INAUDIBLE] layers. So I think the materials we've put over there is good enough. We don't want to change it. So in the end, what we add in the procedures we post heat-treat at around 350, mainly to take out all the residual stress that's within the materials. So in that way, they would be safe for next stage of post machines.

KEVIN HAMILTON: So there are no standards for this. We are using casted as the first estimation. But they are not necessarily good enough. Because in casting, you just do one or two single tests. You only see one principal stress. And when we were doing this, we were able to see all three principal stresses. And so, for the first time, the company that does certification was able to see how this actually behaves. And they were a bit shocked, because, in the first, it becomes-- we are showing them what's possible.

But then they become slightly more strict, because they can suddenly see more information. They can say, ah-- that's not good. This is bad. This is worse than it should be. How do we fix it? Whereas, in casting, you just assume it's OK. And no one really checks. Which is a bit-- somehow-- very unintuitive. So we're helping them also develop some simple guidelines of how to produce, and how to also certify these components.

Is anybody using WAAM, actually? Or a sort of DED processes? You have any experience with them? No? Anybody 3D printed, at all? Probably a few of you. Yeah. So the things that you have to worry about-- like, heat management is massive. For this one, we had the opposite effect. Normally, we have a lot of heat that goes in the part, which we have to remove. This one, we had to put heat in to maintain a certain level. So we want to keep our interpass temperature at a certain band. So we're actually preheating every so often, to keep the temperature maintained a certain level, which is making some extra fun to actually produce this component.

WEI YA: Yeah. It's because the materials are somewhat conductive to heat flow from copper is way much higher than steel. They are different than copper, stainless steel, and normal steel. So when we built the steel one, we have to pull the heat out. This one, we have to keep pumping the heat in, otherwise the top parts get too cold. The shrinkage is too much.

And then, once you have a misalignment with two parts, you will have a-- see the deformations already? The mismatch of the two parts, already. So that's why we also, on the second one, I pushed them to finish in one go. So all the deformation and deformation can be suppressed. And all the heat management can be finished in one go. Yeah?

AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?

WEI YA: For milling, you mean?

KEVIN HAMILTON: We couldn't estimate. Maybe a week, to finish that.

AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

KEVIN HAMILTON: Yeah. It might be comparable. But typically, depending on the size of the machine. Normally, the most common one is to cast it. You get material properties, let's say, in some ways.

WEI YA: Yeah. So the problem over there is probably you were using a block with one ton, and then your machine weigh a lot of materials. And then you have to consider about the milling stress that's developed. Because every material, when they stay over there, like this chair, if you don't break the legs, the material is at the momentum balanced stage. So once you remove material, it would start to deform. And over there, you were thinking how to control part these stress developed. I think the main thing is it waste too much materials. You have mill in from a huge block and get to that shape.

AUDIENCE: So the size of the part-- how long does something like this take from start to finish in regard to [INAUDIBLE]?

KEVIN HAMILTON: This is the second one ever done. So it took maybe a couple of weeks, let's say. To put time. With the single robots, an optimized sort of deposition processes, so we're relatively slow right now. I think we can probably double or triple our deposition rates in the future. So we can maybe do it, I think, within a week to do it.

Yeah. The ultimate hope is to do it in a couple of days. But imagine what that means in terms of putting material on. Of course, you can always cast that fast. It's possible to do it that way. But then you might not be able to get on a casting machine, first. You know? Or to a foundry in the right time to get your part that you actually need.

WEI YA: Yeah. For specific this part, I think the bottleneck is about three days to four days. That's maximum you can go, even you have a high deposition rate, simply because of the heat. If you do casting, it's still going to take about 1.5 week, because after they cast it in mold, they have to put in an oven and cool, or they have to have a special cooling sequence. And normally, for the big piece, it takes about 1 and 1/2 week.

AUDIENCE: All right. But for something like this, you would want the manufacturer [INAUDIBLE]. So from start to finish, from inception of what we're going to actually build for the finished product, [INAUDIBLE].

WEI YA: So for marine industry to accept this technology, still take sometimes. One day, if they wake up and say, hey, if we use less materials, we build hollow propellers, then this technique cannot be achieved with the casting. You have to do with AM. And then, over there, you will have strength, the modification, or the whole society of the marine industry will change. Then they will start to accept it. But for now, it's just one off. If you do batch, you cannot compete with casting. Because the raw materials of casting are so cheap. So if, like, you make 1,000 propellers at this moment, it's not competitive with AM.

But you never know the speed of technology development. For example, like, yesterday, the keynote speaker says there are three million robots were stationed in China in 2020. Once they have a huge amount of robots working at the same time, then you will have a good chance. But apart from this is the warehousing issues. So sometimes you have a design-- you have a spare part put over there. But you never use it. But sometimes you have a boat still selling out, and then they have the broken marine component. And each day they stay over there cost about 200,000 Euros. And comparably, if they get a spare part of wait three months to four months, it costs too much. Compared to that, one off still have potentials to do it. I hope this give some answer to you.

KEVIN HAMILTON: Yeah. So it's not a highly optimized process, yet.

WEI YA: Yeah.

KEVIN HAMILTON: It's not like milling. So if you-- for instance, casting-- we've been doing this for thousands of years. So we've gotten really good at doing it quickly. And I think if you give us a couple of years-- a couple, huh? We can probably get close to that. Let's say a couple of years. Maybe five years. [LAUGHS] But I love looking at the digital workflow and sort of thinking, actually, what can you do that you couldn't do before? It's not just about costs of one propeller to a cast, because you're never going to cast one propeller.

So it's, again, sort of what is the driver that you want to achieve? And for us, it's, if we can do a turnaround for a ship in a day or two-- if I can only have five propellers at my warehouse at a time, I'm already happy. I can make them as I need to, as I have some. OK? That's sort of the main driver for us.

WEI YA: Yeah.

AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?

KEVIN HAMILTON: This one is a dual--

WEI YA: This one is two.

AUDIENCE: So you have one that's cast and one that is machine? [INAUDIBLE].

KEVIN HAMILTON: Monday.

WEI YA: Yeah. Next Monday, for real-life casting.

AUDIENCE: Have you looked at the capitation of the-- or the [INAUDIBLE]? Have you tested that?

WEI YA: Yeah. We test it with the dye and penetrate. Most part of them, it doesn't have a huge problems. Especially within half region of the propeller. On the top part, where the cooling is too fast, and you will have some inclusions to stay over there. The welding slack. You need to keep the weld hot to remove this oxidation stuff. So we find some of them over there, and the competing design of propeller already repel them. So right now, we just put there. In a water test, what's this really testing is the efficiency of the propeller and the pitch. So we will monitor with a certain frequency of the propeller to check it.

KEVIN HAMILTON: So they'll do the two most severe tests for this. This is a full reversal from whatever operation speeds. Full reverse, and see if it falls off. [LAUGHTER] And then they'll do a bullet test. So this tugboat is supposed to be able to pull about 10 tons. That's all bar. So going to see if that's actually achieved the same, or better.

WEI YA: Yeah. Probably tomorrow, you'll see the full video. Then you'll know what's the tugboat, what they are doing here.

KEVIN HAMILTON: Sorry. We're only allowed to show you this small piece, because it's supposed to be bigger tomorrow. Yeah. OK? Yeah? Yeah.

AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?

KEVIN HAMILTON: OK. Could you repeat that louder? I didn't hear you.

WEI YA: The lead time.

AUDIENCE: Lead time. [INAUDIBLE].

KEVIN HAMILTON: It's not-- so no one ever goes and buys a propeller, casts it, and then puts it on a boat. There's always some warehousing in there. So you can just efficiently get a spare part in some days, depending on who you're working with. So for some components-- actually, I'll show you one. The front of the ship hull. The lead time to make that piece can be weeks. And a lot of man hours will be put into it. And we can probably do that in days.

So it makes it competitive. The manufacturing process is a lot less compared to what you're doing today. So we're removing that bottleneck from the ship production process. There's already a massive, massive benefit. It's difficult to compare lead times, because you never just go and buy one thing from the foundry, and say, can you give me this? So we don't really have any references, actually.

WEI YA: And to supplement his answer is, when designing a ship, always you have a different design of the ship. The propeller design will be different. And from that point, we are looking to use rapid prototyping, that you can do it very fast. And for this process, normally including making the mold and casted, post heat treat, and then to its delivery to you, it takes around three months to half a year.

But when we do this fast prototyping, like, within one month it's possible to achieve it. That saves a lot of time. And advantage of fast prototyping is you can have so many designs. Once you add the simulation in, then you can process everything in a digital format. So that's the potential we are working on it. Ultimately, we want to achieve the fully automation, but it's going to take a couple of years to realize that. Does that answer? OK.

KEVIN HAMILTON: Kind of. You're going to apply that. I'll apply it afterwards.

AUDIENCE: I just have another question about the [INAUDIBLE]. [INAUDIBLE]?

KEVIN HAMILTON: Not really. So the-- I know there's a lot of precision casting that has been done. Because normally, if you were to cast this, you'd only have one millimeter, 1.5 millimeter overbuild. So at that point, you'd be very close to net shape process. While outside casting would be a little bit more than that. And even this is even worse, because actually we are a few millimeters out. But this is more for the speed and [INAUDIBLE]. That's the reason why we're doing it.

So the 3D printing in marine industry has not really been used, at all. It's still a conservative and old industry. But we are doing this for some companies, it's already like a miracle. It's like you guys are magicians. We just call it magic. So there's still a lot of work to be done to see where they can actually benefit. And they never really cared about weight reduction, because, you know-- it's never been a big driver in the industry. Just make it bigger, thicker, stronger. And so there's a lot of room to improve. Yes?

AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. What did that industry look like, and how [INAUDIBLE]?

KEVIN HAMILTON: To create the printers?

AUDIENCE: Well, it's not really a printer [INAUDIBLE].

KEVIN HAMILTON: Yeah. They're just like robots. So the benefit of this one, we could just buy a robot off the shelf, effectively. And you can start, depending on how long your lead time for delivery of the robot is, you can start the next day, really, to start making components. That's nothing that is unique for this process. It's all off the shelf stuff. Which is sort of a huge benefit, actually.

AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?

KEVIN HAMILTON: Yeah. So we've got different partners who are providing components. So Autodesk is doing software. [INAUDIBLE] is doing hardware. RAMLAB is doing sort of the process know-how. And together, we can do things a lot faster.

AUDIENCE: Right. So is anybody in the industry working right now, put that into a box and say here, [INAUDIBLE]?

KEVIN HAMILTON: Yes. So there are different companies who just do welding. They have it. You can just buy it from them, effectively. And you can do this process. Nobody's making that into a package box, yet. But I don't think it's far off. OK. I think we're out of time, but if you have any questions, do again--

WEI YA: Or just ask us in private. Thank you for coming.

KEVIN HAMILTON: Thank you guys for your attention. Thank you.

[APPLAUSE]

______
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We use Geo Targetly to direct website visitors to the most appropriate web page and/or serve tailored content based on their location. Geo Targetly uses the IP address of a website visitor to determine the approximate location of the visitor’s device. This helps ensure that the visitor views content in their (most likely) local language.Geo Targetly Privacy Policy
SpeedCurve
We use SpeedCurve to monitor and measure the performance of your website experience by measuring web page load times as well as the responsiveness of subsequent elements such as images, scripts, and text.SpeedCurve Privacy Policy
Qualified
Qualified is the Autodesk Live Chat agent platform. This platform provides services to allow our customers to communicate in real-time with Autodesk support. We may collect unique ID for specific browser sessions during a chat. Qualified Privacy Policy

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Improve your experience – allows us to show you what is relevant to you

Google Optimize
We use Google Optimize to test new features on our sites and customize your experience of these features. To do this, we collect behavioral data while you’re on our sites. This data may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, your IP address or device ID, your Autodesk ID, and others. You may experience a different version of our sites based on feature testing, or view personalized content based on your visitor attributes. Google Optimize Privacy Policy
ClickTale
We use ClickTale to better understand where you may encounter difficulties with our sites. We use session recording to help us see how you interact with our sites, including any elements on our pages. Your Personally Identifiable Information is masked and is not collected. ClickTale Privacy Policy
OneSignal
We use OneSignal to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by OneSignal. Ads are based on both OneSignal data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that OneSignal has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to OneSignal to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. OneSignal Privacy Policy
Optimizely
We use Optimizely to test new features on our sites and customize your experience of these features. To do this, we collect behavioral data while you’re on our sites. This data may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, your IP address or device ID, your Autodesk ID, and others. You may experience a different version of our sites based on feature testing, or view personalized content based on your visitor attributes. Optimizely Privacy Policy
Amplitude
We use Amplitude to test new features on our sites and customize your experience of these features. To do this, we collect behavioral data while you’re on our sites. This data may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, your IP address or device ID, your Autodesk ID, and others. You may experience a different version of our sites based on feature testing, or view personalized content based on your visitor attributes. Amplitude Privacy Policy
Snowplow
We use Snowplow to collect data about your behavior on our sites. This may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, your IP address or device ID, and your Autodesk ID. We use this data to measure our site performance and evaluate the ease of your online experience, so we can enhance our features. We also use advanced analytics methods to optimize your experience with email, customer support, and sales. Snowplow Privacy Policy
UserVoice
We use UserVoice to collect data about your behaviour on our sites. This may include pages you’ve visited. We use this data to measure our site performance and evaluate the ease of your online experience, so we can enhance our platform to provide the most relevant content. This allows us to enhance your overall user experience. UserVoice Privacy Policy
Clearbit
Clearbit allows real-time data enrichment to provide a personalized and relevant experience to our customers. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID.Clearbit Privacy Policy
YouTube
YouTube is a video sharing platform which allows users to view and share embedded videos on our websites. YouTube provides viewership metrics on video performance. YouTube Privacy Policy

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Customize your advertising – permits us to offer targeted advertising to you

Adobe Analytics
We use Adobe Analytics to collect data about your behavior on our sites. This may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, your IP address or device ID, and your Autodesk ID. We use this data to measure our site performance and evaluate the ease of your online experience, so we can enhance our features. We also use advanced analytics methods to optimize your experience with email, customer support, and sales. Adobe Analytics Privacy Policy
Google Analytics (Web Analytics)
We use Google Analytics (Web Analytics) to collect data about your behavior on our sites. This may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. We use this data to measure our site performance and evaluate the ease of your online experience, so we can enhance our features. We also use advanced analytics methods to optimize your experience with email, customer support, and sales. Google Analytics (Web Analytics) Privacy Policy
AdWords
We use AdWords to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by AdWords. Ads are based on both AdWords data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that AdWords has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to AdWords to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. AdWords Privacy Policy
Marketo
We use Marketo to send you more timely and relevant email content. To do this, we collect data about your online behavior and your interaction with the emails we send. Data collected may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, your IP address or device ID, email open rates, links clicked, and others. We may combine this data with data collected from other sources to offer you improved sales or customer service experiences, as well as more relevant content based on advanced analytics processing. Marketo Privacy Policy
Doubleclick
We use Doubleclick to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Doubleclick. Ads are based on both Doubleclick data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Doubleclick has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Doubleclick to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Doubleclick Privacy Policy
HubSpot
We use HubSpot to send you more timely and relevant email content. To do this, we collect data about your online behavior and your interaction with the emails we send. Data collected may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, your IP address or device ID, email open rates, links clicked, and others. HubSpot Privacy Policy
Twitter
We use Twitter to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Twitter. Ads are based on both Twitter data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Twitter has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Twitter to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Twitter Privacy Policy
Facebook
We use Facebook to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Facebook. Ads are based on both Facebook data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Facebook has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Facebook to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Facebook Privacy Policy
LinkedIn
We use LinkedIn to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by LinkedIn. Ads are based on both LinkedIn data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that LinkedIn has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to LinkedIn to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. LinkedIn Privacy Policy
Yahoo! Japan
We use Yahoo! Japan to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Yahoo! Japan. Ads are based on both Yahoo! Japan data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Yahoo! Japan has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Yahoo! Japan to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Yahoo! Japan Privacy Policy
Naver
We use Naver to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Naver. Ads are based on both Naver data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Naver has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Naver to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Naver Privacy Policy
Quantcast
We use Quantcast to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Quantcast. Ads are based on both Quantcast data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Quantcast has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Quantcast to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Quantcast Privacy Policy
Call Tracking
We use Call Tracking to provide customized phone numbers for our campaigns. This gives you faster access to our agents and helps us more accurately evaluate our performance. We may collect data about your behavior on our sites based on the phone number provided. Call Tracking Privacy Policy
Wunderkind
We use Wunderkind to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Wunderkind. Ads are based on both Wunderkind data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Wunderkind has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Wunderkind to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Wunderkind Privacy Policy
ADC Media
We use ADC Media to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by ADC Media. Ads are based on both ADC Media data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that ADC Media has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to ADC Media to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. ADC Media Privacy Policy
AgrantSEM
We use AgrantSEM to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by AgrantSEM. Ads are based on both AgrantSEM data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that AgrantSEM has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to AgrantSEM to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. AgrantSEM Privacy Policy
Bidtellect
We use Bidtellect to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Bidtellect. Ads are based on both Bidtellect data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Bidtellect has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Bidtellect to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Bidtellect Privacy Policy
Bing
We use Bing to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Bing. Ads are based on both Bing data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Bing has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Bing to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Bing Privacy Policy
G2Crowd
We use G2Crowd to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by G2Crowd. Ads are based on both G2Crowd data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that G2Crowd has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to G2Crowd to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. G2Crowd Privacy Policy
NMPI Display
We use NMPI Display to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by NMPI Display. Ads are based on both NMPI Display data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that NMPI Display has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to NMPI Display to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. NMPI Display Privacy Policy
VK
We use VK to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by VK. Ads are based on both VK data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that VK has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to VK to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. VK Privacy Policy
Adobe Target
We use Adobe Target to test new features on our sites and customize your experience of these features. To do this, we collect behavioral data while you’re on our sites. This data may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, your IP address or device ID, your Autodesk ID, and others. You may experience a different version of our sites based on feature testing, or view personalized content based on your visitor attributes. Adobe Target Privacy Policy
Google Analytics (Advertising)
We use Google Analytics (Advertising) to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Google Analytics (Advertising). Ads are based on both Google Analytics (Advertising) data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Google Analytics (Advertising) has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Google Analytics (Advertising) to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Google Analytics (Advertising) Privacy Policy
Trendkite
We use Trendkite to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Trendkite. Ads are based on both Trendkite data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Trendkite has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Trendkite to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Trendkite Privacy Policy
Hotjar
We use Hotjar to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Hotjar. Ads are based on both Hotjar data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Hotjar has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Hotjar to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Hotjar Privacy Policy
6 Sense
We use 6 Sense to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by 6 Sense. Ads are based on both 6 Sense data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that 6 Sense has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to 6 Sense to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. 6 Sense Privacy Policy
Terminus
We use Terminus to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by Terminus. Ads are based on both Terminus data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that Terminus has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to Terminus to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. Terminus Privacy Policy
StackAdapt
We use StackAdapt to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by StackAdapt. Ads are based on both StackAdapt data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that StackAdapt has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to StackAdapt to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. StackAdapt Privacy Policy
The Trade Desk
We use The Trade Desk to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by The Trade Desk. Ads are based on both The Trade Desk data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that The Trade Desk has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to The Trade Desk to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. The Trade Desk Privacy Policy
RollWorks
We use RollWorks to deploy digital advertising on sites supported by RollWorks. Ads are based on both RollWorks data and behavioral data that we collect while you’re on our sites. The data we collect may include pages you’ve visited, trials you’ve initiated, videos you’ve played, purchases you’ve made, and your IP address or device ID. This information may be combined with data that RollWorks has collected from you. We use the data that we provide to RollWorks to better customize your digital advertising experience and present you with more relevant ads. RollWorks Privacy Policy

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